余 論

宏觀地說(shuō)，民國(guó)時(shí)期國(guó)民政府管理大學(xué)依賴(lài)的主要是兩個(gè)法寶——法律和經(jīng)費(fèi)。在這一框架內(nèi)，校長(zhǎng)們有較大的發(fā)揮空間——他們幾乎都是體制內(nèi)積極而勇敢的探索者?；赝?dāng)年，民國(guó)時(shí)期的著名大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)自成一家，各有千秋，風(fēng)云際會(huì)，相得益彰。掩卷深思，自主性大、多元化強(qiáng)、自洽度高等這樣幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)就會(huì)比較清晰地呈現(xiàn)在讀者面前。一是自主性大。民國(guó)時(shí)期的教育、尤其是高等教育的法律法規(guī)比較完備而穩(wěn)定，校長(zhǎng)們依法治校的空間十分廣闊。作為大學(xué)的掌門(mén)人，他們擁有較大的自主性，可以按照自己的辦學(xué)思想治理學(xué)校。二是多元化。當(dāng)年的辦學(xué)思想十分宏富，有思想、合實(shí)際、講真話，是成為著名教育家的三大條件。這也成就了當(dāng)年多元發(fā)展、群雄并起的局面。三是自洽度高。這些校長(zhǎng)幾乎都是學(xué)貫中西、文理兼修的大家，是中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化孕育與西方科技新知滋潤(rùn)起來(lái)的教育家。他們不僅具有系統(tǒng)的教育思想、驕人的辦學(xué)實(shí)踐、清晰的經(jīng)營(yíng)思路和豐厚的社會(huì)資本，而且是把自己的辦學(xué)理念自然而然地轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楹虾醣拘?shí)際的治校方略，并且一以貫之予以執(zhí)行，具有高度的自洽性。元化強(qiáng)、自洽度高等這樣幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)就會(huì)比較清晰地呈現(xiàn)在讀者面前。一是自主性大。民國(guó)時(shí)期的教育、尤其是高等教育的法律法規(guī)比較完備而穩(wěn)定，校長(zhǎng)們依法治校的空間十分廣闊。作為大學(xué)的掌門(mén)人，他們擁有較大的自主性，可以按照自己的辦學(xué)思想治理學(xué)校。二是多元化。當(dāng)年的辦學(xué)思想十分宏富，有思想、合實(shí)際、講真話，是成為著名教育家的三大條件。這也成就了當(dāng)年多元發(fā)展、群雄并起的局面。三是自洽度高。這些校長(zhǎng)幾乎都是學(xué)貫中西、文理兼修的大家，是中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化孕育與西方科技新知滋潤(rùn)起來(lái)的教育家。他們不僅具有系統(tǒng)的教育思想、驕人的辦學(xué)實(shí)踐、清晰的經(jīng)營(yíng)思路和豐厚的社會(huì)資本，而且是把自己的辦學(xué)理念自然而然地轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楹虾醣拘?shí)際的治校方略，并且一以貫之予以執(zhí)行，具有高度的自洽性。

（本文系國(guó)家社科基金教育學(xué)一般項(xiàng)目“中國(guó)著名大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)辦學(xué)之道研究”階段性成果，項(xiàng)目編號(hào)：BIA090045）

On the Talent Strategy of Large Countries

—The "Four Doctrines" in the Development of First-class Universities in the Republic of China

Wang Yunlai

Abstract: During the period of the Republic of China, the national government relied mainly on two magic weapons to manage the universities—law and funds. In this framework, the presidents had a large role to play. Though the educational philosophy and school managing strategy of the famous university presidents in this period are not the same, and some even contradict each other, they are well-grounded and represent the presidents' own unique thought in this regard, and truly reflect the autonomy in university running and diversification of the presidents’ educational ideas. The universities at that time also showed strong momentum in becoming world first-class university. Looking back, the "four doctrines" were clearly included in the educational philosophy at that time. For the doctrine of educating people, stress is put on specialty, general learning, and balancing; for the doctrine of research, stress is put on learning, techniques, and results; for the doctrine of service, stress is put on usefulness, training and promotion; for the doctrine of culture, stress is put on communications, change, and leadership.

Keywords: period of the Republic of China, first-class universities, thinkers, talent education, Chinese culture

王運(yùn)來(lái)，南京大學(xué)教育研究院院長(zhǎng)、教授、博導(dǎo)，中國(guó)高等教育學(xué)會(huì)校史研究分會(huì)副理事長(zhǎng)。研究方向?yàn)楦叩冉逃贰⒏叩冉逃芾?、中?guó)教會(huì)大學(xué)史、高等教育近代化。主要著作有《江蘇高等教育的早期現(xiàn)代化》《南京大學(xué)史》等。